This review elucidates the dysfunction of B cells in tumor microenvironment, summarizes the discovery and mechanism of action of B cell ICs in tumors, and discusses urgent issues and future perspectives.

This review explores how NK cell senescence impacts cancer immunotherapy, highlighting key biomarkers like CD57 and reduced cytotoxicity. It reveals how the tumor microenvironment accelerates NK cell aging through chronic inflammation and immunosuppressive cells. The study also discusses strategies to delay senescence, such as cytokine modulation and gene editing, to enhance NK cell-based therapies. These findings offer new insights for improving cancer treatment outcomes by targeting senescent NK cells.

In the tumor microenvironment (TME), B cells' anti-tumor and tumor-promoting functions have drawn a lot of interest lately. One of the mainstays of cancer treatment, chemotherapy affects the function and proliferation of several B-cell subsets as well as how they interact with the TME. Targeting B cells or the cells that surround them may improve the effectiveness of chemotherapy by altering B-cell function, offering a viable direction for further research into tumor therapies.

Second primary cancers (SPCs) are a major cause of death among cancer survivors. This review highlights recent advances in understanding SPC mechanisms, including genomic changes, stromal cell alterations, hormone signaling, immunosuppression, and gene methylation. It also explores emerging tools such as intratumoral microbes, single-cell multi-omics, and metabolomics, offering new directions for future research.